Systems, Devices, and/or Methods for Managing Implantable Devices

ABSTRACT

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to, via a device implanted in a mammal, sensing a ciliary muscle movement and/or force and/or converting the ciliary muscle movement and/or force to a signal and/or a predetermined form of power.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to, and incorporates by reference herein in its entirety, pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/636,969 (Attorney Docket No. 1149-285), filed 23 Apr. 2012 and pending United Kingdom Patent Application 1306971.1 (Attorney Docket No. 1149-322), filed 17 Apr. 2013.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A wide variety of potential, feasible, and/or useful embodiments will be more readily understood through the herein-provided, non-limiting, non-exhaustive description of certain exemplary embodiments, with reference to the accompanying exemplary drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a side view of an exemplary lens of an exemplary mammalian eye;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of a system;

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method; and

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an information device.

DESCRIPTION

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to, via a device implanted in a mammal, sensing a ciliary muscle movement and/or force and/or converting the ciliary muscle movement and/or force to a signal and/or a predetermined form of power.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to:

-   -   from a first transmitter adapted to be operated by a         predetermined first finger of a user:         -   wirelessly transmitting a first signal to one or more             receivers of an ophthalmic device when the first transmitter             is within a predetermined proximity of the one or more             receivers, the first signal potentially adapted to cause the             ophthalmic device to provide the user with a first             predetermined visual condition; and/or     -   from a second transmitter adapted to be operated by a         predetermined second finger of the user:         -   wirelessly transmit a second signal to the one or more             receivers when the second transmitter is within a             predetermined proximity of the one or more receivers, the             second signal potentially adapted to cause the ophthalmic             device to provide the user with a second predetermined             visual condition.

It is now feasible to implant into the human eye devices that require electrical power to operate. For example, it is now feasible to implant into the eye an optical lens that can change power to restore the accommodative capability of the eye. Such devices typically need electrical power to operate. Some such devices need a means by which they can be controlled to perform their intended function.

Certain exemplary embodiments can produce power inside of the eye so that the implantable device does not require external devices to operate. Certain exemplary embodiments can produce one or more usable signals to trigger and/or control the use of one or more implantable devices to achieve their purpose, such as an optical focusing lens.

Certain exemplary embodiments can harness the power of the ciliary muscle. When the human brain requires that the eye change focus, the ciliary muscle is commanded to actuate. This actuation can be used for power generation and/or for generating a signal to trigger a change in focus.

The cilary muscle is a ring-shaped muscle inside of the eye that is connected by strings, or zonules, to the lens of the eye. When the muscle actuates is becomes smaller in diameter, relaxing the pulling force on the zonules, allowing the lens to relax into a steeper-curved shape, producing more optical power. When the muscle relaxes, the ring shape expands, the zonules pull on the lens, and the lens becomes less curved with less optical power. This is the generally accepted theory of accommodation (i.e., Helmholtz), and will be the model used herein. However, there are competing theories being considered (e.g., Schachar), that propose that the accommodative action of the eye is caused by the reverse of this process. For purposes of this document, if the second theory of accommodation proves to be true, then the concepts described herein are still valid, except that the mechanisms will need to be adjusted to take into account the opposite forces being harnessed and/or monitored, and as such it will become apparent to the reader that those skilled in the art of mechanical engineering easily can adjust the design disclosed herein to accomplish this.

When a person forms a cataract in the lens of their eye, the lens might be replaced by a prosthetic lens referred to as an Intraocular Lens, or IOL. As known to those skilled in the art of ophthalmic cataract surgery, the capsule is opened up, the cataract lens is removed, and a new IOL is placed into the capsule to replace the cataract lens. After healing, the ciliary muscle continues to operate, i.e., contracting and expanding forces are created, but it has no effect upon the new IOL. A newer approach is to implant a very-low-power-consuming electro-active lens into the eye, and allow the lens to change optical power yet remain stationary.

Certain exemplary embodiments can place, adjacent to the ciliary muscle, a device that converts the mechanical forces created by the cilary muscle into power, and that power in turn is used to actuate a lens power change, or stored for later use, for example into a battery or capacitor. Certain exemplary embodiments of an implantable ciliary muscle power converter can create electrical power by physically moving a magnet within a coil to produce a potential, but other structures and/or principles are also useable to produce electrical power, and a non-limiting example would be the use of the compression of nanowires and/or a piezoelectric strip. Although certain exemplary embodiments can produce electrical power, other forms of power, such as hydraulic power and/or mechanical spring power, can be created and/or used.

Certain exemplary embodiments can monitor the production of power, and/or, from the appearance of this power being created, can interpret such power as a signal that accommodation is being needed. Certain exemplary embodiments can provide and/or utilize a variable resistor to sense movement of the ciliary muscle, but other methods also can be used, and non-limiting examples would be monitoring the power produced by power sensors attached to the power generators (e.g., voltage sensors, current sensors, proximity sensors, flow sensors, pressure sensors, strain gages, etc.), compression force sensors attached to the mechanisms or to the cilary muscle itself (e.g., voltage sensors, current sensors, proximity sensors, flow sensors, pressure sensors, strain gages, etc.), etc.

The power-harnessing and movement sensing device in contact with the ciliary muscle, such as attached to the capsular equator, also can be used as a mechanical platform upon which to attach the optical power changing device and/or its associated controls.

In certain exemplary embodiments, the power harnessing device and/or movement sensing device instead can be placed inside of the capsule, and/or in turn, the ciliary muscle action can be transferred to the device via the zonules connecting the capsule to the ciliary muscle.

FIG. 1 shows one theory of the mechanism of accommodation. On the side marked “A,” ciliary muscle 5 is activated, becoming smaller in diameter, and lens 10 is most steep in curvature. Lens 10 is encapsulated in capsule 15, and is connected to ciliary muscle 5 via zonules 20. On side marked “R,” ciliary muscle is relaxed, increasing in diameter such that zonules 20 pull on capsule 15, making lens 10 flatter, thus with less optical power.

FIG. 2 shows schematically where the mechanical power can be created. When ciliary muscle 5 b is relaxed, weight 25 is dropped, and when ciliary muscle 5 c is activated, weight 25 is lifted.

FIGS. 3 and 4 show an exemplary embodiment of harnessing the power of the ciliary muscle.

In FIG. 3, ciliary muscle 5 b is relaxed in its largest diameter state. Support structures 30 are cradling ciliary muscle 5 b, and have magnets 35 attached. Magnets 35 are surrounded in a slideable fashion by coils 40, which in turn are supported by ring 25.

In FIG. 4, ciliary muscle 5 c can contract, becoming smaller in diameter, thereby moving magnets 35 deeper into coils 40 and creating an electrical potential that can be harnessed for battery and/or power cell recharging, and/or ciliary muscle monitoring. One or more of the combinations of magnet 35 and coil 40 can be replaced by a variable resistor, known to those skilled in the art of electronics, so that the variable resistor can be used to monitor the movement of the ciliary muscle. One or more combinations of magnet 35 and coil 40 can be replaced with nanowires such that the contraction of ciliary muscle 5 c causes a pinching of a group of nanowires, which in turn can create an electrical potential. Also, as known to those skilled in the art of power generation, moving magnets relative to structures other than coils, even a single strand of wire, can create power. Also known to those skilled in the art of power generation, the mere bending, compressing, expanding or deflection of select materials can be used to create energy.

When it is required of the accommodating optic to perform the function of accommodation, a control signal of some type typically must be provided to initiate the process of changing the optical power. Although the contraction of the ciliary muscle can be monitored and/or interpreted to indicate the need for accommodation, then automatically detect and act upon such signals, it also can be desirable to provide the ability to manually control the accommodation through deliberate switching rather than automatic.

For example, a person might be in an environment where the light level changes frequently causing the pupil to open and close frequently. Although the pupil movement would be in response only to changing light levels and not demands for accommodation, an automatic system might be confused by such input, and trigger accommodation when it is not required. It may also be desirable to provide a simpler product without the complexity of an automatic accommodation system and provide only a manually controllable system to provide greater robustness, lower cost, and/or smaller size.

To meet the needs of a manually controlled optic, and/or allow a person to learn to adjust the focus of their vision in a more instinctive, habitual, and/or reflexive manner, it is proposed to attach two or more wireless transmitters onto and/or into two or more locations on and/or in the wearer's fingers and/or hands, and/or equip the implanted optic with a receiver or receivers to wirelessly communicate with the transmitters when the transmitters are within close and/or appropriate proximity to the receiver(s). Each transmitter can be programmed to send a unique signal calling for a particular action of the optic. For example, onto the index finger could be attached a transmitter with an instruction for the optic to “focus far.” When the user wants to focus upon distant objects, they could bring their index finger near to their eye, triggering a “far focus” condition. A second transmitter could be attached to the long finger, and be programmed with the instruction “focus near.” When the user wants to focus upon a near object, they could bring their long finger near to their eye, triggering a “near focus” condition. Combinations could be programmed so that if both fingers are brought simultaneously to the eye, alternative actions could be programmed into the optics to perform such things as “focus between far and near,” or “turn off.” By adding more transmitters to more fingers or other parts of the hand, more individual and even more combination instructions can be achieved. The transmitters can send a signal to a receiver inside of the eye. The receiver then can instruct an electro-active lens control circuit to adjust the lens to the optical power being signaled by the transmitter.

Having such a configuration of controllers attached to fingers and/or hands can allow the user to adapt to a very simple method to adjust their eyesight to various conditions, creating an environment for developing the skill to “act without thinking” when vision changes are required.

The technology for accomplishing the wireless communication exists in many forms, such as RFID circuits, which are generally known to those skilled in the art of radio telecommunications.

In another exemplary embodiment, for those unable or unwilling to use multiple fingers, a key-fob type of transmitter can be used. The transmitter can have multiple buttons and/or be programmed to transmit multiple instruction signals triggered by a sequence of button pushes.

In yet another exemplary embodiment, the transmitter can be the source of power to the implanted optic, either as the sole source, the primary source, or a supplementary source. When the transmitter is moved into close proximity of the eye, power can be transmitted into the optic via wireless transfer. Those skilled in the art of wireless power transmission can design such systems, with one exemplary method being inductance coils. Placing the transmitter close enough to the eye to transfer power could allow the power storage device inside the implant to recharge, and/or it could provide all the power required to trigger the optic without having an internal power storage device. Such a configuration can be used in an optic that utilizes a liquid crystal that changes optical state when power is applied, yet remains in that optical state when the power is removed, rather than reverting back to another “at rest state” when the power is removed.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of system 7000, which can comprise a carrier 5100 that can comprise any number of buttons, such as a first button 5110 and/or a second button 5120. First button 5110 can be actuated by a first predetermined finger of a user to cause a first transmitter 5115 to send a first wireless signal 5210 to receiver 5300, such as when first transmitter 5115 is within a predetermined proximity of receiver 5300. Second button 5120 can be actuated by a second predetermined finger of the user to cause second transmitter 5125 to send a second wireless signal 5220 to receiver 5300. Any additional buttons can function in a corresponding manner.

Carrier 5100, first transmitter 5110, and/or second transmitter 5120 can be adapted to be held in a hand of the user, worn by the user (e.g., as jewelry), worn on a predetermined finger (or other body part) of the user, and/or implanted into a predetermined finger (or other body part) of the user. For example, a transmitter or other related electronic circuit (such as a finger pressure sensor, a transmitter actuator, an antenna, a receiver, a controller, a battery, a power converter, etc.) can be skin-mounted on a finger, hand, arm, face, hip, thigh, temple, or elsewhere on a body via a flexible or stretchable substrate as described in US Patent Application Publication 20130041235, which, to the extent allowable by the law of the jurisdiction in which this application is filed, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Receiver 5300 can be worn by the user, worn on an eye of the user, and/or implanted in the user, such as inside the eye of the user. Receiver 5300 can be electrically connected to a controller 5400, which can be an information device as described herein, and/or which can be worn by the user, worn on an eye of the user, and/or implanted in the user, such as inside the eye of the user. Controller 5400 can be electrically connected to a power storage device 5500 (such as a battery), a ciliary muscle power converter 5600, and/or one or more ophthalmic devices 5700 (e.g., an electro-active lens), any of which can be worn by the user, worn on one or both eyes of the user, and/or implanted in the user, such as inside one or both eyes of the user.

Controller 5400 can be adapted to, upon receiving first signal 5210 via receiver 5300, cause ophthalmic device 5700 to adjust its optical power to provide the user with a first predetermined visual condition, such as a near field focus. Similarly, controller 5400 can be adapted to, upon receiving second signal 5220 via receiver 5300, cause ophthalmic device 5700 to adjust its optical power to provide the user with a second predetermined visual condition, such as a far field focus. Other visual conditions are possible, such as a predetermined optical power, focal distance, wavelength reception (e.g., infra-red, night vision, visual, rose-tinted, ultra-violet, etc.), polarity reception, astigmatic correction, spherical correction, aberration correction, and/or no correction, etc.

Controller 5400 can be adapted to cause power transmitted via signal 5210, 5220 and received by receiver 5300 to be stored via power storage device 5500 and/or utilized to operate on or more components of system 5000, such as ophthalmic device 5700.

Controller 5400 can be adapted to cause power received from ciliary muscle power converter 5600 to be stored via power storage device 5500 and/or be utilized, such as via itself, receiver 5300, and/or ophthalmic device 5700.

FIG. 6 is a flowchart of an exemplary embodiment of a method 6000. At activity 6100, a signal to be transmitted, such as responsive to a button being pressed or otherwise a transmitter being actuated. At activity 6200, the signal can be received, such as by a receiver. At activity 6300, the signal can interpreted, such as by the receiver and/or by a controller. At activity 6400, a ophthalmic device can be adjusted, such as responsive to the interpreted signal. At activity 6500, the one or more adjustments to the ophthalmic device can provide a visual condition to a wearer of the ophthalmic device.

At activity 6600, power generated by the ciliary muscle of the wearer, potentially responsive to a change in visual condition of the wearer, can be captured. At activity 6700, power can be stored, the power being, for example, power captured from the ciliary muscle and/or power captured from the transmitted signal. At activity 6800, the captured and/or stored power can be utilized, such as to power the transmitter, receiver, controller, ophthalmic device, and/or ciliary muscle power converter, etc.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram of an exemplary embodiment of an information device 7000, which in certain operative embodiments can be adapted to implement any algorithm described herein, such as those attributed to a converter, controller, transmitter, and/or receiver. Information device 7000 can comprise any of numerous transform circuits, which can be formed via any of numerous communicatively-, electrically-, magnetically-, optically-, fluidically-, mechanically-, chemically, and/or biochemically-coupled physical components, such as for example, one or more network interfaces 7100, one or more processors 7200, one or more memories 7300 containing instructions 7400, one or more input/output (I/O) devices 7500, and/or one or more user interfaces 7600 coupled to I/O device 7500, etc.

In certain exemplary embodiments, via one or more user interfaces 7600, such as a graphical user interface, a user can view a rendering of information related to researching, designing, modeling, creating, developing, building, manufacturing, operating, maintaining, storing, marketing, selling, delivering, selecting, specifying, requesting, ordering, receiving, returning, rating, and/or recommending any of the products, services, methods, user interfaces, and/or information described herein. For example, one or more user interfaces 7600, a user can program, review, test, model, adjust, modify, update, enable, and/or disable instructions 7400, such as instructions to detect a button activation, transmit a signal, receive a signal, interpret a signal, adjust an ophthalmic device, interpret a state of an ophthalmic device, sense muscle movement and/or force, convert muscle movement and/or force to power (such as electrical power), capture power (such as from muscle and/or transmitted signal), store power, and/or utilize power.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to, a device comprising:

-   -   an implantable ciliary muscle power converter adapted to connect         to an eye structure and to convert mechanical forces generated         by the ciliary muscle into power;     -   wherein:         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a             magnet;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a             coil;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a             spring;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a             hydraulic piston;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a             hydraulic valve;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a             plurality of nanowires;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a             piezoelectric strip;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is adapted to             attach to the ciliary muscle;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is attached             to the capsular equator;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is adapted to             attach to one or more zonules;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is adapted to             be placed inside a capsule of the eye; and/or         -   a variable resistor adapted to sense movement of the ciliary             muscle.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to, a device comprising:

-   -   an implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor;     -   wherein:         -   the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is adapted to             attach to the ciliary muscle;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is adapted to             attach to one or more zonules;         -   the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is adapted to             be placed inside a capsule of the eye; and/or         -   the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is adapted to             attach to a ciliary muscle power converter.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to:

-   -   via a device implanted in a mammal, converting a ciliary muscle         force to predetermined form of power;     -   via a device implanted in a mammal, sensing a ciliary muscle         movement; and/or     -   via a device implanted in a mammal, sensing a ciliary muscle         force.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to, converting ciliary muscle force to electrical power and/or sense ciliary muscle movement.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to:

-   -   an electro-active lens implanted into a user's eye;     -   a control circuit adapted to control an optical power of the         electro-active lens; and/or     -   a receiver adapted to receive signals from a transmitter that is         adapted to send a predetermined signal to the receiver; the         predetermined signal adapted to cause the receiver to adjust an         optical power of the electro-active lens.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to:

-   -   a first transmitter adapted to:         -   be operated by a first finger of a user;         -   wirelessly transmit a first signal to one or more receivers             of an ophthalmic device when the first transmitter is within             a predetermined proximity of the one or more receivers, the             ophthalmic device implanted in or worn by the user, the             first signal adapted to cause the ophthalmic device to             provide the user with a first predetermined visual             condition;     -   a second transmitter adapted to:         -   be operated by a second finger of the user;         -   wirelessly transmit a second signal to the one or more             receivers when the second transmitter is within a             predetermined proximity of the one or more receivers, the             second signal adapted to cause the ophthalmic device to             provide the user with a second predetermined visual             condition;     -   the receiver; and/or     -   the ophthalmic device;     -   wherein:         -   the receiver is implanted in the user;         -   the receiver is implanted inside an eye of the user;         -   the receiver is worn on an eye of the user;         -   the ophthalmic device is implanted inside an eye of the             user;     -   the ophthalmic device is worn on an eye of the user;     -   the ophthalmic device comprises an electro-active lens;     -   the first transmitter is adapted to be implanted in the first         finger;     -   the first transmitter is adapted to be worn on the first finger;     -   the first finger is predetermined and/or the second finger is         predetermined;     -   the first transmitter is adapted to be held in a hand of the         user;     -   the first transmitter and/or the second transmitter is         integrated into a jewelry item;     -   the first transmitter comprises a button adapted to provoke         transmission of the first signal;     -   the first transmitter is adapted to transfer electrical energy         to an energy storage device of the ophthalmic device;     -   the first transmitter is adapted to transfer sufficient         electrical energy to operate the ophthalmic device;     -   the first transmitter comprises one or more inductance coils;     -   the first signal identifies the first transmitter;     -   the first transmitter is adapted to control one or more liquid         crystals of the ophthalmic device;     -   the first transmitter is adapted to change an optical state of         one or more liquid crystals of the ophthalmic device;     -   the first visual condition is associated with two eyes of the         user;     -   the first visual condition is associated with only one eye of         the user;     -   the first visual condition is a focal distance;     -   the first visual condition is a far focal distance;     -   the first visual condition is a near focal distance;     -   the first visual condition is a changing focal distance;     -   the first visual condition is an optical power; and/or     -   the first visual condition is a lack of visual correction.

Certain exemplary embodiments can provide a system, machine, device, manufacture, circuit, composition of matter, and/or user interface adapted for and/or resulting from, and/or a method and/or machine-readable medium comprising machine-implementable instructions for, activities that can comprise and/or relate to:

-   -   from a first transmitter adapted to be operated by a         predetermined first finger of a user:         -   wirelessly transmitting a first signal to one or more             receivers of an ophthalmic device when the first transmitter             is within a predetermined proximity of the one or more             receivers, the ophthalmic device implanted in or worn by the             user, the first signal adapted to cause the ophthalmic             device to provide the user with a first predetermined visual             condition; and/or     -   from a second transmitter adapted to be operated by a         predetermined second finger of the user:         -   wirelessly transmit a second signal to the one or more             receivers when the second transmitter is within a             predetermined proximity of the one or more receivers, the             second signal adapted to cause the ophthalmic device to             provide the user with a second predetermined visual             condition.

DEFINITIONS

When the following terms are used substantively herein, the accompanying definitions apply. These terms and definitions are presented without prejudice, and, consistent with the application, the right to redefine these terms via amendment during the prosecution of this application or any application claiming priority hereto is reserved. For the purpose of interpreting a claim of any patent that claims priority hereto, each definition in that patent functions as a clear and unambiguous disavowal of the subject matter outside of that definition.

-   -   a—at least one.     -   aberration—one or more limitations and/or defects in an optical         component, such as a lens and/or mirror, that is contacted by a         plurality of light rays, such limitations and/or defects         preventing the light rays from converging at one focus and         potentially due to, e.g., the optical component comprising one         or more surfaces that are not perfectly planar, such as one or         more spherical surfaces.     -   acquire—to obtain, get, import, receive, and/or gain possession         of.     -   across—from one side to another.     -   activity—an action, act, step, and/or process or portion         thereof.     -   adapted to—suitable, fit, and/or capable of performing a         specified function.     -   adapter—a device used to effect operative compatibility between         different parts of one or more pieces of an apparatus or system.     -   adjust—to change so as to match, fit, adapt, conform, and/or be         in a more effective state.     -   align—to adjust substantially into a proper orientation and/or         location with respect to another thing.     -   and/or—either in conjunction with or in alternative to.     -   apparatus—an appliance or device for a particular purpose     -   associate—to join, connect together, and/or relate.     -   attach—to fasten, secure, couple, and/or join.     -   auto-focus—a system in a camera that automatically adjusts the         lens so that the object being photographed is in focus, often         using a time delay associated with reflecting infrared light off         of the object to estimate the distance of the object from the         camera.     -   automatic-performed via an information device in a manner         essentially independent of influence and/or control by a user.         For example, an automatic light switch can turn on upon “seeing”         a person in its “view”, without the person manually operating         the light switch.     -   be—to exist in actuality.     -   beam of light—a projection of light radiating from a source.     -   Boolean logic—a complete system for logical operations.     -   border—to be located and/or positioned adjacent to an outer         edge, surface, and/or extent of an object.     -   bound—(n) a boundary, limit, and/or further extent of; (v) to         limit an extent.     -   bus—an electrical conductor that makes a common connection         between a plurality of circuits.     -   button—a protuberant part, a small finger-actuated surface         comprised by a mechanism that completes an electric circuit when         pushed, such as one that operates a doorbell and/or machine         and/or, in graphical user interface systems, a well-defined area         within the interface that is clicked to select a command.     -   by—via and/or with the use and/or help of.     -   camera—a device often comprising a lightproof enclosure having         an aperture with a lens through which a still and/or moving         image of an object is focused and recorded on a photosensitive         film, plate, tape, and/or or sensor coupled to an electronic         and/or optical memory device (e.g., RAM, EEPROM, flash memory,         magnetic disk, optical disk, etc.).     -   can—is capable of, in at least some embodiments.     -   capsule—a cover or envelope partly or wholly surrounding a         structure.     -   capture—to sense, receive, obtain, enter, store, and/or record         information and/or data in memory.     -   cause—to bring about, provoke, precipitate, produce, elicit, be         the reason for, result in, and/or effect.     -   change—(v.) to cause to be different; (n.) the act, process,         and/or result of altering or modifying.     -   ciliary—relating to the ciliary body and associated structures         of the eye.     -   circuit—a physical system comprising, depending on context: an         electrically conductive pathway, an information transmission         mechanism, and/or a communications connection, the pathway,         mechanism, and/or connection established via a switching device         (such as a switch, relay, transistor, and/or logic gate, etc.);         and/or an electrically conductive pathway, an information         transmission mechanism, and/or a communications connection, the         pathway, mechanism, and/or connection established across two or         more switching devices comprised by a network and between         corresponding end systems connected to, but not comprised by the         network.     -   co-operate—to work, act, and/or function together and/or in         harmony, as opposed to separately and/or in competition.     -   coil—(n) a continuous loop comprising two or more turns of         electrically conductive material; and/or a conductor that         creates a magnetic field due to the flow of current therein; (v)         to roll and/or form into a configuration having a substantially         spiraled cross-section.     -   comprises—includes, but is not limited to, what follows.     -   comprising—including but not limited to.     -   concentric—having a common central axis.     -   condition—and existing circumstance and/or state at a particular         time.     -   conductor—an electrically conductive material and/or component         adapted to apply a voltage to an electro-active material.     -   configure—to make suitable or fit for a specific use or         situation.     -   connect—to join or fasten together.     -   connect—to join or fasten together.     -   contact—to physically touch and/or come together.     -   containing—including but not limited to.     -   contiguous—neighboring and/or adjacent.     -   contrast—the difference in brightness between the light and dark         areas of an image, such as a photograph and/or video image.     -   control—(n) a mechanical and/or electronic device used to         operate a machine within predetermined limits; (v) to exercise         authoritative and/or dominating influence over, cause to act in         a predetermined manner, direct, adjust to a requirement, and/or         regulate.     -   controller—a device and/or set of machine-readable instructions         for performing one or more predetermined and/or user-defined         tasks. A controller can comprise any one or a combination of         hardware, firmware, and/or software. A controller can utilize         mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, magnetic, optical,         informational, chemical, and/or biological principles, signals,         and/or inputs to perform the task(s). In certain embodiments, a         controller can act upon information by manipulating, analyzing,         modifying, converting, transmitting the information for use by         an executable procedure and/or an information device, and/or         routing the information to an output device. A controller can be         a central processing unit, a local controller, a remote         controller, parallel controllers, and/or distributed         controllers, etc. The controller can be a general-purpose         microcontroller, such the Pentium IV series of microprocessor         manufactured by the Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.,         and/or the HCO8 series from Motorola of Schaumburg, Ill. In         another embodiment, the controller can be an Application         Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or a Field Programmable Gate         Array (FPGA) that has been designed to implement in its hardware         and/or firmware at least a part of an embodiment disclosed         herein.     -   convert—to transform, adapt, and/or change.     -   converter—a device that transforms, adapts, and/or changes.     -   correction—a change to a more desired value.     -   corresponding—related, associated, accompanying, similar in         purpose and/or position, conforming in every respect, and/or         equivalent and/or agreeing in amount, quantity, magnitude,         quality, and/or degree.     -   couple—to join, connect, and/or link by any known approach,         including mechanical, fluidic, acoustic, electrical, magnetic,         and/or optical, etc. approaches.     -   coupleable—capable of being joined, connected, and/or linked         together.     -   coupling—linking in some fashion.     -   create—to bring into being.     -   data—distinct pieces of information, usually formatted in a         special or predetermined way and/or organized to express         concepts, and/or represented in a form suitable for processing         by an information device.     -   data structure—an organization of a collection of data that         allows the data to be manipulated effectively and/or a logical         relationship among data elements that is designed to support         specific data manipulation functions. A data structure can         comprise meta data to describe the properties of the data         structure. Examples of data structures can include: array,         dictionary, graph, hash, heap, linked list, matrix, object,         queue, ring, stack, tree, and/or vector.     -   define—to establish the outline, form, and/or structure of     -   deposit—to put, lay, place, position, and/or set down; and/or to         fasten, fix, and/or secure.     -   determine—to find out, obtain, calculate, decide, deduce,         ascertain, and/or come to a decision, typically by         investigation, reasoning, and/or calculation.     -   device—a machine, manufacture, and/or collection thereof.     -   diffraction—the bending of a light ray in passing an edge formed         by contiguous opaque and transparent edges.     -   digital—non-analog and/or discrete.     -   distance—a measure of physical separation.     -   diverge—to go or extend in different directions from a common         point.     -   edge—a periphery, border, and/or boundary.     -   electric—powered by electricity.     -   electrical—relating to producing, distributing, and/or operating         by electricity.     -   electrical energy—energy characterized by, and/or adapted to         cause, a flow of electric charge through a conductor.     -   electrically—of, relating to, producing, or operated by         electricity.     -   electrically coupled—connected in a manner adapted to allow a         flow of electricity therebetween.     -   electro-active—a branch of technology concerning the interaction         between various properties and electrical and/or electronic         states of materials and/or involving components, devices,         systems, and/or processes that operate by modifying the certain         properties of a material by applying to it an electrical and/or         magnetic field. Sub-branches of this technology include, but are         not limited to, electro-optics.     -   electro-active element—a component that utilizes an         electro-active effect, such as an electro-active filter,         reflector, lens, shutter, liquid crystal retarder, active (i.e.,         non-passive) polarity filter, electro-active element that is         movable via an electro-active actuator, and/or conventional lens         movable by an electro-active actuator.     -   electro-optic—a branch of technology concerning the interaction         between the electromagnetic (optical) and the electrical         (electronic) states of materials and/or involving components,         devices, systems, and/or processes that operate by modifying the         optical properties of a material by applying to it an electrical         field.     -   electrode—an electrically conducting element that emits and/or         collects electrons and/or ions and/or controls their movement by         means of an electric field applied to it.     -   emanate—to emit, radiate, and/or shine.     -   energy—usable heat or power, and/or the capacity of a body         and/or system to do work, and/or a measurable physical quantity,         with dimensions equivalent and/or convertible to mass times         velocity squared, that is conserved for an isolated system.     -   equator—a circle dividing a sphere or other surface into         congruent and/or two equal symmetrical parts.     -   estimate—(n) a calculated value approximating an actual         value; (v) to calculate and/or determine approximately and/or         tentatively.     -   etch—to wear away the surface of material (such as a metal,         glass, etc.) by chemical action, such as the action of an acid.     -   eye—an organ of vision and/or light sensitivity; and/or either         of a pair of hollow structures located in bony sockets of the         skull, functioning together or independently, each having a lens         capable of focusing incident light on an internal photosensitive         retina from which nerve impulses are sent to the brain.     -   far—a CTO distance of at least approximately 3 or more meters.     -   field—a region of space characterized by a physical property,         such as gravitational or electromagnetic force or fluid         pressure, having a determinable value at every point in the         region.     -   field of view—a range of space over which a camera can obtain an         image and/or the angle between two rays passing through the         perspective center (rear nodal point) of a camera lens to the         two opposite sides of the format.     -   finger—any of the digits of the hand, sometimes excluding the         thumb.     -   first—an initial entity in an ordering.     -   flat—having a substantially planar major face and/or having a         relatively broad surface in relation to thickness or depth.     -   focus—to cause energy and/or light to concentrate and/or         converge.     -   force—a capacity to do work or cause physical change; and/or an         energy exerted upon, brought to bear, and/or the cause of motion         and/or change in motion and/or a state of rest.     -   form—to produce, make, create, generate, construct, and/or         shape.     -   Fresnel lens—a thin optical lens comprising concentric rings of         segmental lenses.     -   from—used to indicate a source.     -   further—in addition.     -   generate—to create, produce, give rise to, and/or bring into         existence.     -   gradient—a rate of change with respect to distance of a variable         quantity.     -   grid—a network of lines, real or conceptual, that cross each         other to form a series of regular shapes.     -   hand—the terminal part of the human arm located below the         forearm, used for grasping and holding and typically comprising         a wrist, palm, four fingers, and an opposable thumb.     -   haptic—involving the human sense of kinesthetic movement and/or         the human sense of touch. Among the many potential haptic         experiences are numerous sensations, body-positional differences         in sensations, and time-based changes in sensations that are         perceived at least partially in non-visual, non-audible, and         non-olfactory manners, including the experiences of tactile         touch (being touched), active touch, grasping, pressure,         friction, traction, slip, stretch, force, torque, impact,         puncture, vibration, motion, acceleration, jerk, pulse,         orientation, limb position, gravity, texture, gap, recess,         viscosity, pain, itch, moisture, temperature, thermal         conductivity, and thermal capacity.     -   having—including but not limited to.     -   hold—to grip, and/or to have and/or keep within one's grasp.     -   human-machine interface—hardware and/or software adapted to         render information to a user and/or receive information from the         user; and/or a user interface.     -   hydraulic—of, involving, moved by, and/or operated by a fluid         under pressure.     -   identify—to specify, recognize, detect, and/or establish the         identity, origin, nature, and/or definitive characteristics of.     -   illuminate—to provide and/or brighten with light.     -   image—an at least two-dimensional representation of an object,         entity, and/or phenomenon. Multiple images can be presented in a         predetermined and timed sequence to recreate and/or produce an         appearance of movement.     -   impinge—to collide and/or strike.     -   implant—to insert or embed (an object or a device) surgically.     -   including—including but not limited to.     -   index of refraction—a measure of the extent to which a substance         slows down light waves passing through it. The index of         refraction of a substance is equal to the ratio of the velocity         of light in a vacuum to its speed in that substance. Its value         determines the extent to which light is refracted when entering         or leaving the substance.     -   indium tin oxide—a solid solution of indium(III) oxide (In2O3)         and tin(IV) oxide (SnO2), typically 90% In203, 10% SnO2 by         weight, that is typically transparent and colorless in thin         layers and can serve as a metal-like mirror in the infrared         region of the electro-magnetic spectrum. It is a widely used         transparent conducting oxide due to its electrical conductivity         and optical transparency. Thin films of indium tin oxide are         most commonly deposited on surfaces by electron beam         evaporation, physical vapor deposition, and/or a range of         sputter deposition techniques.     -   individually—of or relating to a distinct entity.     -   inductance—that property of an electrical circuit, and/or of two         or more neighboring circuits, by which a varying current         produces and/or induces an electromotive force in the circuit         and/or neighboring circuits.     -   information device—any device capable of processing data and/or         information, such as any general purpose and/or special purpose         computer, such as a personal computer, workstation, server,         minicomputer, mainframe, supercomputer, computer terminal,         laptop, wearable computer, and/or Personal Digital Assistant         (PDA), mobile terminal, Bluetooth device, communicator, “smart”         phone (such as an iPhone-like and/or Treo-like device),         messaging service (e.g., Blackberry) receiver, pager, facsimile,         cellular telephone, a traditional telephone, telephonic device,         a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and/or peripheral         integrated circuit elements, an ASIC or other integrated         circuit, a hardware electronic logic circuit such as a discrete         element circuit, and/or a programmable logic device such as a         PLD, PLA, FPGA, or PAL, or the like, etc. In general any device         on which resides a finite state machine capable of implementing         at least a portion of a method, structure, and/or or graphical         user interface described herein may be used as an information         device. An information device can comprise components such as         one or more network interfaces, one or more processors, one or         more memories containing instructions, and/or one or more         input/output (I/O) devices, one or more user interfaces coupled         to an I/O device, etc.     -   information device—any device capable of processing data and/or         information, such as any general purpose and/or special purpose         computer, such as a personal computer, workstation, server,         minicomputer, mainframe, supercomputer, computer terminal,         laptop, wearable computer, and/or Personal Digital Assistant         (PDA), mobile terminal, Bluetooth device, communicator, “smart”         phone (such as an iPhone-like and/or Treo-like device),         messaging service (e.g., Blackberry) receiver, pager, facsimile,         cellular telephone, a traditional telephone, telephonic device,         a programmed microprocessor or microcontroller and/or peripheral         integrated circuit elements, an ASIC or other integrated         circuit, a hardware electronic logic circuit such as a discrete         element circuit, and/or a programmable logic device such as a         PLD, PLA, FPGA, or PAL, or the like, etc. In general any device         on which resides a finite state machine capable of implementing         at least a portion of a method, structure, and/or or graphical         user interface described herein may be used as an information         device. An information device can comprise components such as         one or more network interfaces, one or more processors, one or         more memories containing instructions, and/or one or more         input/output (I/O) devices, one or more user interfaces coupled         to an I/O device, etc.     -   initialize—to prepare something for use and/or some future         event.     -   input/output (I/O) device—any device adapted to provide input         to, and/or receive output from, an information device. Examples         can include an audio, visual, haptic, olfactory, and/or         taste-oriented device, including, for example, a monitor,         display, projector, overhead display, keyboard, keypad, mouse,         trackball, joystick, gamepad, wheel, touchpad, touch panel,         pointing device, microphone, speaker, video camera, camera,         scanner, printer, switch, relay, haptic device, vibrator,         tactile simulator, and/or tactile pad, potentially including a         port to which an I/O device can be attached or connected.     -   inside—within a predetermined boundary.     -   install—to connect or set in position and prepare for use.     -   instructions—directions, which can be implemented as hardware,         firmware, and/or software, the directions adapted to perform a         particular operation and/or function via creation and/or         maintenance of a predetermined physical circuit.     -   insulating—having a substantial resistance to the flow of         electrical current.     -   integrated—formed and/or united into a whole and/or into another         entity.     -   into—to a condition, state, or form of     -   IOL haptic—a structure that is part of an IOL and adapted to         provide support for the IOL within the eye, generally to also         provide centration of the optics of the IOL to the optical axis         of the eye.     -   item—a single article of a plurality of articles and/or anything         that can be at least partially, protected, housed, transported,         concealed, supported, carried, and/or enclosed, etc., by a         container.     -   jewelry—one or more objects of personal adornment, such as         necklaces, pendants, chokers, collars, beads, brooches, amulets,         medals, lapel pins, tie tacks, earrings, piercings, hair clips,         head bands, rings, bracelets, bangles, watches, cuff links,         bling, belts, and/or buckles, etc., and possibly including items         such as iPods, smart phones, smart watches, headphones, pens,         pencils, whistles, medical alert bracelets, dog tags, etc.     -   lack—a particular deficiency and/or absence.     -   layer—a continuous and relatively thin material, region,         stratum, course, lamina, coating, and/or sheet having one or         more functions. Need not have a constant thickness.     -   lens—a piece of transparent substance, often glass and/or         plastic, having two opposite surfaces either both curved or one         curved and one plane, used in an optical device for changing the         convergence and/or focal point of light rays; and/or an optical         device that transmits light and is adapted to cause the light to         refract, concentrate, and/or diverge. A lens can be an         ophthalmic lens, such as a spectacle lens, an intra ocular lens,         and/or a contact lens.     -   light—electromagnetic radiation having a wavelength within a         range of approximately 300 nanometers to approximately 1000         nanometers, including any and all values and subranges         therebetween, such as from approximately 400 to approximately         700 nm, from the near infrared through the long wavelength, far         infrared, and/or from the ultraviolet to X-rays and/or gamma         rays.     -   light source—a device adapted to emit light responsive to an         applied electrical current.     -   liquid—a body of matter that exhibits a characteristic readiness         to flow, little or no tendency to disperse, and relatively high         incompressibility, including pumpable and/or flowable slurries         and/or suspensions.     -   liquid crystal—any of various liquids in which the atoms or         molecules are regularly arrayed in either one dimension or two         dimensions, the order giving rise to optical properties, such as         anisotropic scattering, associated with the crystals.     -   locate—to place, set, find, and/or situate in a particular spot,         region, and/or position.     -   logic gate—a physical device adapted to perform a logical         operation on one or more logic inputs and to produce a single         logic output, which is manifested physically. Because the output         is also a logic-level value, an output of one logic gate can         connect to the input of one or more other logic gates, and via         such combinations, complex operations can be performed. The         logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly         found in digital circuits. The most common implementations of         logic gates are based on electronics using resistors,         transistors, and/or diodes, and such implementations often         appear in large arrays in the form of integrated circuits         (a.k.a., IC's, microcircuits, microchips, silicon chips, and/or         chips). It is possible, however, to create logic gates that         operate based on vacuum tubes, electromagnetics (e.g., relays),         mechanics (e.g., gears), fluidics, optics, chemical reactions,         and/or DNA, including on a molecular scale. Each         electronically-implemented logic gate typically has two inputs         and one output, each having a logic level or state typically         physically represented by a voltage. At any given moment, every         terminal is in one of the two binary logic states (“false”         (a.k.a., “low” or “0”) or “true” (a.k.a., “high” or “1”),         represented by different voltage levels, yet the logic state of         a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit         processes data. Thus, each electronic logic gate typically         requires power so that it can source and/or sink currents to         achieve the correct output voltage. Typically,         machine-implementable instructions are ultimately encoded into         binary values of “0” s and/or “1” s and, are typically written         into and/or onto a memory device, such as a “register”, which         records the binary value as a change in a physical property of         the memory device, such as a change in voltage, current, charge,         phase, pressure, weight, height, tension, level, gap, position,         velocity, momentum, force, temperature, polarity, magnetic         field, magnetic force, magnetic orientation, reflectivity,         molecular linkage, molecular weight, etc. An exemplary register         might store a value of “01101100”, which encodes a total of 8         “bits” (one byte), where each value of either “0” or “1” is         called a “bit” (and 8 bits are collectively called a “byte”).         Note that because a binary bit can only have one of two         different values (either “0” or “1”), any physical medium         capable of switching between two saturated states can be used to         represent a bit. Therefore, any physical system capable of         representing binary bits is able to represent numerical         quantities, and potentially can manipulate those numbers via         particular encoded machine-implementable instructions. This is         one of the basic concepts underlying digital computing. At the         register and/or gate level, a computer does not treat these “0”         s and “1” s as numbers per se, but typically as voltage levels         (in the case of an electronically-implemented computer), for         example, a high voltage of approximately +3 volts might         represent a “1” or “logical true” and a low voltage of         approximately 0 volts might represent a “0” or “logical false”         (or vice versa, depending on how the circuitry is designed).         These high and low voltages (or other physical properties,         depending on the nature of the implementation) are typically fed         into a series of logic gates, which in turn, through the correct         logic design, produce the physical and logical results specified         by the particular encoded machine-implementable instructions.         For example, if the encoding request a calculation, the logic         gates might add the first two bits of the encoding together,         produce a result “1” (“0”+“1”=“1”), and then write this result         into another register for subsequent retrieval and reading. Or,         if the encoding is a request for some kind of service, the logic         gates might in turn access or write into some other registers         which would in turn trigger other logic gates to initiate the         requested service.     -   logical—a conceptual representation.     -   machine-implementable instructions—directions adapted to cause a         machine, such as an information device, to perform one or more         particular activities, operations, and/or functions via forming         a particular physical circuit. The directions, which can         sometimes form an entity called a “processor”, “kernel”,         “operating system”, “program”, “application”, “utility”,         “subroutine”, “script”, “macro”, “file”, “project”, “module”,         “library”, “class”, and/or “object”, etc., can be embodied         and/or encoded as machine code, source code, object code,         compiled code, assembled code, interpretable code, and/or         executable code, etc., in hardware, firmware, and/or software.     -   machine-readable medium—a physical structure from which a         machine, such as an information device, computer,         microprocessor, and/or controller, etc., can store and/or obtain         one or more machine-implementable instructions, data, and/or         information. Examples include a memory device, punch card,         player-piano scroll, etc.     -   magnet—an object that is surrounded by a magnetic field and that         has the property, either natural or induced, of attracting iron         and/or steel.     -   mammal—any of various warm-blooded vertebrate animals of the         class Mammalia, including humans, characterized by a covering of         hair on the skin and, in the female, milk-producing mammary         glands for nourishing the young.     -   match—to mirror, resemble, harmonize, fit, correspond, and/or         determine a correspondence between, two or more values,         entities, and/or groups of entities.     -   material—a substance and/or composition.     -   may—is allowed and/or permitted to, in at least some         embodiments.     -   memory device—an apparatus capable of storing, sometimes         permanently, machine-implementable instructions, data, and/or         information, in analog and/or digital format. Examples include         at least one non-volatile memory, volatile memory, register,         relay, switch, Random Access Memory, RAM, Read Only Memory, ROM,         flash memory, magnetic media, hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic         tape, optical media, optical disk, compact disk, CD, digital         versatile disk, DVD, and/or raid array, etc. The memory device         can be coupled to a processor and/or can store and provide         instructions adapted to be executed by processor, such as         according to an embodiment disclosed herein.     -   memory device—an apparatus capable of storing, sometimes         permanently, machine-implementable instructions, data, and/or         information, in analog and/or digital format. Examples include         at least one non-volatile memory, volatile memory, register,         relay, switch, Random Access Memory, RAM, Read Only Memory, ROM,         flash memory, magnetic media, hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic         tape, optical media, optical disk, compact disk, CD, digital         versatile disk, DVD, and/or raid array, etc. The memory device         can be coupled to a processor and/or can store and provide         instructions adapted to be executed by processor, such as         according to an embodiment disclosed herein.     -   method—one or more acts that are performed upon subject matter         to be transformed to a different state or thing and/or are tied         to a particular apparatus, said one or more acts not a         fundamental principal and not pre-empting all uses of a         fundamental principal.     -   middle—a CTO distance within a range of approximately 0.7 to         approximately 1.3 meters.     -   more—a quantifier meaning greater in size, amount, extent,         and/or degree.     -   movement—an act or instance of moving; and/or a change in         position from one location to another.     -   muscle—a contractile organ consisting of a special bundle of         muscle tissue, which moves a particular bone, part, or substance         of the body.     -   nanowire—a structure having a thickness or diameter constrained         to tens of nanometers or less and an aspect ratio         (length-to-width ratio) of 1000 or more.     -   near—a CTO distance of less than approximately 0.2 meters.     -   network—a communicatively coupled plurality of nodes,         communication devices, and/or information devices. Via a         network, such nodes and/or devices can be linked, such as via         various wireline and/or wireless media, such as cables,         telephone lines, power lines, optical fibers, radio waves,         and/or light beams, etc., to share resources (such as printers         and/or memory devices), exchange files, and/or allow electronic         communications therebetween. A network can be and/or can utilize         any of a wide variety of sub-networks and/or protocols, such as         a circuit switched, public-switched, packet switched,         connection-less, wireless, virtual, radio, data, telephone,         twisted pair, POTS, non-POTS, DSL, cellular, telecommunications,         video distribution, cable, radio, terrestrial, microwave,         broadcast, satellite, broadband, corporate, global, national,         regional, wide area, backbone, packet-switched TCP/IP, IEEE         802.03, Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, Token Ring, local area, wide         area, IP, public Internet, intranet, private, ATM, Ultra Wide         Band (UWB), Wi-Fi, BlueTooth, Airport, IEEE 802.11, IEEE         802.11a, IEEE 802.11b, IEEE 802.11g, X-10, electrical power, 3G,         4G, multi-domain, and/or multi-zone sub-network and/or protocol,         one or more Internet service providers, one or more network         interfaces, and/or one or more information devices, such as a         switch, router, and/or gateway not directly connected to a local         area network, etc., and/or any equivalents thereof     -   network interface—any physical and/or logical device, system,         and/or process capable of coupling an information device to a         network. Exemplary network interfaces comprise a telephone,         cellular phone, cellular modem, telephone data modem, fax modem,         wireless transceiver, communications port, Ethernet card, cable         modem, digital subscriber line interface, bridge, hub, router,         or other similar device, software to manage such a device,         and/or software to provide a function of such a device.     -   non-overlapping—not extending over or covering a part of     -   object—a discrete thing that is real, perceptible, and tangible.     -   offset—in a location near to but distinguishable from a given         point or area.     -   one—being or amounting to a single unit, individual, and/or         entire thing, item, and/or object.     -   only—substantially without anything further.     -   ophthalmic—of and/or relating to the eye.     -   operate—to perform a function and/or to work.     -   opposing—opposite; against; being the other of two complementary         or mutually exclusive things; placed or located opposite, in         contrast, in counterbalance, and/or across from something else         and/or from each other.     -   optical—of or relating to light, sight, and/or a visual         representation.     -   overlap—to extend over and cover a part of     -   packet—a generic term for a bundle of data organized in a         specific way for transmission, such as within and/or across a         network, such as a digital packet-switching network, and         comprising the data to be transmitted and certain control         information, such as a destination address.     -   perceptible—capable of being perceived by the human senses.     -   perpendicular—intersecting at or forming substantially right         angles; and/or substantially at a right angle with respect to an         axis.     -   phase—a relationship in time between successive states and/or         cycles of an oscillating and/or repeating system (such as an         alternating electric current, one or more light waves, and/or a         sound wave) and: a fixed reference point; the states of another         system; and/or the cycles of another system.     -   photograph—(n) an image created by collecting and focusing         reflected electromagnetic radiation. The most common photographs         are those created of reflected visible wavelengths, producing         permanent records of what the human eye can see. (v) to record         an image.     -   photolithography—a process whereby metallic foils, fluidic         circuits, and/or printed circuits can be created by exposing a         photosensitive substrate to a pattern, such as a predesigned         structural pattern and/or a circuit pattern, and chemically         etching away either the exposed or unexposed portion of the         substrate.     -   photon—a particle representing a quantum of light and/or other         electromagnetic radiation, the particle having zero rest mass         and carrying energy proportional to the frequency of the         radiation.     -   physical—tangible, real, and/or actual.     -   physical—tangible, real, and/or actual.     -   physically—existing, happening, occurring, acting, and/or         operating in a manner that is tangible, real, and/or actual.     -   physically—existing, happening, occurring, acting, and/or         operating in a manner that is tangible, real, and/or actual.     -   piezoelectric—the generation of electricity and/or of electric         polarity in dielectric crystals subjected to mechanical stress,         and/or the generation of stress in such crystals subjected to an         applied voltage.     -   piston—a working member which has relative sliding sealing         engagement with the encompassing wall of a cylinder type working         chamber. The principal parts of a piston consist of an end face         portion and a side wall portion which are defined as follows:     -   place—to put in a particular place and/or position.     -   plurality—the state of being plural and/or more than one.     -   point—(n.) a defined physical and/or logical location in at         least a two-dimensional system and/or an element in a         geometrically described set and/or a measurement or         representation of a measurement having a time coordinate and a         non-time coordinate. (v.) to indicate a position and/or         direction of.     -   portion—a part, component, section, percentage, ratio, and/or         quantity that is less than a larger whole. Can be visually,         physically, and/or virtually distinguishable and/or         non-distinguishable.     -   position—to put in place or position.     -   power—a measure of an ability of a vision system, eye, lens,         and/or lens-assisted eye, to refract, magnify, separate,         converge, and/or diverge; and/or a general term that may refer         to any power such as effective, equivalent, dioptric, focal,         refractive, surface, and/or vergence power; and/or energy, a         measure of energy and/or work, and/or a rate at which work is         done, expressed as the amount of work per unit time and commonly         measured in units such as watt and horsepower.     -   pre-—a prefix that precedes an activity that has occurred         beforehand and/or in advance.     -   predetermined—established in advance.     -   probability—a quantitative representation of a likelihood of an         occurrence.     -   processor—a machine that utilizes hardware, firmware, and/or         software and is physically adaptable to perform, via Boolean         logic operating on a plurality of logic gates that form         particular physical circuits, a specific task defined by a set         of machine-implementable instructions. A processor can utilize         mechanical, pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, magnetic, optical,         informational, chemical, and/or biological principles,         mechanisms, adaptations, signals, inputs, and/or outputs to         perform the task(s). In certain embodiments, a processor can act         upon information by manipulating, analyzing, modifying, and/or         converting it, transmitting the information for use by         machine-implementable instructions and/or an information device,         and/or routing the information to an output device. A processor         can function as a central processing unit, local controller,         remote controller, parallel controller, and/or distributed         controller, etc. Unless stated otherwise, the processor can be a         general-purpose device, such as a microcontroller and/or a         microprocessor, such the Pentium family of microprocessor         manufactured by the Intel Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. In         certain embodiments, the processor can be dedicated purpose         device, such as an Application Specific Integrated Circuit         (ASIC) or a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) that has been         designed to implement in its hardware and/or firmware at least a         part of an embodiment disclosed herein. A processor can reside         on and use the capabilities of a controller.     -   programmatically—of, relating to, or having a program and/or         instructions.     -   project—to calculate, estimate, or predict.     -   provide—to furnish, supply, give, and/or make available.     -   provoke—to bring about, cause, elicit, and/or effect.     -   proximity—the state, quality, sense, and/or fact of being near         and/or next; the closeness of one thing to another.     -   radial—pertaining to that which radiates from and/or converges         to a common center and/or has or is characterized by parts so         arranged or so radiating.     -   receive—to get as a signal, take, acquire, and/or obtain.     -   receiver—an apparatus adapted to accept, receive, and/or         capture: data provided by a communications system and/or a         signal transmitted by a transmitter.     -   recommend—to suggest, praise, commend, and/or endorse.     -   record—(v) to gather, capture, store, and/or preserve         information on a tangible medium.     -   reduce—to make and/or become lesser and/or smaller.     -   render—to, e.g., physically, chemically, biologically,         electronically, electrically, magnetically, optically,         acoustically, fluidically, and/or mechanically, etc., transform         information into a form perceptible to a human as, for example,         data, commands, text, graphics, audio, video, animation, and/or         hyperlinks, etc., such as via a visual, audio, and/or haptic,         etc., means and/or depiction, such as via a display, monitor,         electric paper, ocular implant, cochlear implant, speaker,         vibrator, shaker, force-feedback device, stylus, joystick,         steering wheel, glove, blower, heater, cooler, pin array,         tactile touchscreen, etc.     -   repeatedly—again and again; repetitively.     -   request—to express a desire for and/or ask for.     -   resistor—a two-terminal electronic component that opposes an         electric current by producing a voltage drop between the two         terminals in accordance with Ohm's law.     -   resolution—a degree of sharpness of an image.     -   ring—a substantially toroidal object that can be imagined as         having been generated by rotating a closed loop (e.g., ellipse,         circle, irregular curve, polygon, etc.) about a fixed line         external to the loop.     -   scene—a place where action occurs and/or where an object of         interest is present; something seen by a viewer; and/or a view         and/or prospect.     -   second—an element following a first element in a set.     -   select—to make a choice or selection from alternatives.     -   send—to convey, dispatch, communicate, and/or transmit.     -   sense—to detect or perceive automatically.     -   sensor—a device adapted to automatically sense, perceive,         detect, and/or measure a physical property (e.g., pressure,         temperature, flow, mass, heat, light, sound, humidity,         proximity, position, velocity, vibration, loudness, voltage,         current, capacitance, resistance, inductance, magnetic flux,         and/or electro-magnetic radiation, etc.) and convert that         physical quantity into a signal. Examples include position         sensors, proximity switches, stain gages, photo sensors,         thermocouples, level indicating devices, speed sensors,         accelerometers, electrical voltage indicators, electrical         current indicators, on/off indicators, and/or flowmeters, etc.     -   sensor—a device adapted to automatically sense, perceive,         detect, and/or measure a physical property (e.g., pressure,         temperature, flow, mass, heat, light, sound, humidity,         proximity, position, velocity, vibration, loudness, voltage,         current, capacitance, resistance, inductance, magnetic flux,         and/or electro-magnetic radiation, etc.) and convert that         physical quantity into a signal. Examples include position         sensors, proximity switches, stain gages, photo sensors,         thermocouples, level indicating devices, speed sensors,         accelerometers, electrical voltage indicators, electrical         current indicators, on/off indicators, and/or flowmeters, etc.     -   separated—not touching and/or spaced apart by something.     -   server—an information device and/or a process running thereon,         that is adapted to be communicatively coupled to a network and         that is adapted to provide at least one service for at least one         client, i.e., for at least one other information device         communicatively coupled to the network and/or for at least one         process running on another information device communicatively         coupled to the network. One example is a file server, which has         a local drive and services requests from remote clients to read,         write, and/or manage files on that drive. Another example is an         e-mail server, which provides at least one program that accepts,         temporarily stores, relays, and/or delivers e-mail messages.         Still another example is a database server, which processes         database queries. Yet another example is a device server, which         provides networked and/or programmable: access to, and/or         monitoring, management, and/or control of, shared physical         resources and/or devices, such as information devices, printers,         modems, scanners, projectors, displays, lights, cameras,         security equipment, proximity readers, card readers, kiosks,         POS/retail equipment, phone systems, residential equipment, HVAC         equipment, medical equipment, laboratory equipment, industrial         equipment, machine tools, pumps, fans, motor drives, scales,         programmable logic controllers, sensors, data collectors,         actuators, alarms, annunciators, and/or input/output devices,         etc.     -   set—a related plurality.     -   sharpness—acuteness and/or distinctness.     -   signal—(v) to communicate; (n) one or more automatically         detectable variations in a physical variable, such as a         pneumatic, hydraulic, acoustic, fluidic, mechanical, electrical,         magnetic, optical, chemical, and/or biological variable, such as         power, energy, pressure, flowrate, viscosity, density, torque,         impact, force, frequency, phase, voltage, current, resistance,         magnetomotive force, magnetic field intensity, magnetic field         flux, magnetic flux density, reluctance, permeability, index of         refraction, optical wavelength, polarization, reflectance,         transmittance, phase shift, concentration, and/or temperature,         etc., that can encode information, such as machine-implementable         instructions for activities and/or one or more letters, words,         characters, symbols, signal flags, visual displays, and/or         special sounds, etc., having prearranged meaning. Depending on         the context, a signal and/or the information encoded therein can         be synchronous, asynchronous, hard real-time, soft real-time,         non-real time, continuously generated, continuously varying,         analog, discretely generated, discretely varying, quantized,         digital, broadcast, multicast, unicast, transmitted, conveyed,         received, continuously measured, discretely measured, processed,         encoded, encrypted, multiplexed, modulated, spread, de-spread,         demodulated, detected, de-multiplexed, decrypted, and/or         decoded, etc.     -   solid angle—a three-dimensional angle, formed by three or more         planes intersecting at a common point. Its magnitude is measured         in steradians, a unitless measure. The corner of a room forms a         solid angle, as does the apex of a cone; one can imagine an         indefinite number of planes forming the smooth round surface of         the cone all intersecting at the apex. Solid angles are commonly         used in photometry.     -   special purpose computer—a computer and/or information device         comprising a processor device having a plurality of logic gates,         whereby at least a portion of those logic gates, via         implementation of specific machine-implementable instructions by         the processor, experience a change in at least one physical and         measurable property, such as a voltage, current, charge, phase,         pressure, weight, height, tension, level, gap, position,         velocity, momentum, force, temperature, polarity, magnetic         field, magnetic force, magnetic orientation, reflectivity,         molecular linkage, molecular weight, etc., thereby directly         tying the specific machine-implementable instructions to the         logic gate's specific configuration and property(ies). In the         context of an electronic computer, each such change in the logic         gates creates a specific electrical circuit, thereby directly         tying the specific machine-implementable instructions to that         specific electrical circuit.     -   special purpose processor—a processor device, having a plurality         of logic gates, whereby at least a portion of those logic gates,         via implementation of specific machine-implementable         instructions by the processor, experience a change in at least         one physical and measurable property, such as a voltage,         current, charge, phase, pressure, weight, height, tension,         level, gap, position, velocity, momentum, force, temperature,         polarity, magnetic field, magnetic force, magnetic orientation,         reflectivity, molecular linkage, molecular weight, etc., thereby         directly tying the specific machine-implementable instructions         to the logic gate's specific configuration and property(ies). In         the context of an electronic computer, each such change in the         logic gates creates a specific electrical circuit, thereby         directly tying the specific machine-implementable instructions         to that specific electrical circuit.     -   spherical—of, relating to, and/or having a shape approximating         that of a sphere.     -   spring—a flexible elastic object, such as a coil of wire, bent         bar, coupled set of plates, washer, etc., that regains its         original shape after being compressed or extended, is used to         store mechanical energy, and is often made of hardened and         tempered material, such as steel. Types of springs can include         coil springs, helical springs, conical springs, torsion springs,         tension springs, compression springs, leaf springs, V-springs,         spiral springs, spring washers, gas springs, rubber bands, etc.     -   state—a qualitative and/or quantitative description of         condition, and/or a condition of an entity at an identified         time.     -   store—to place, hold, and/or retain data, typically in a memory.     -   storage device—a device adapted to store information, energy,         and/or one or more physical things for subsequent use and/or         retrieval.     -   strip—a relatively long piece, usually of substantially uniform         width.     -   structure—something made up of a number of parts that are held         and/or put together in a particular way.     -   substantially—to a great extent and/or degree.     -   substrate—an underlying material, region, base, stratum, course,         lamina, coating, and/or sheet.     -   sufficiently—to a degree necessary to achieve a predetermined         result.     -   support—to bear the weight of, especially from below.     -   surface—the outer boundary of an object and/or a material layer         constituting and/or resembling such a boundary.     -   switch—(n.) a mechanical, electrical, and/or electronic device         that opens and/or closes circuits, completes and/or breaks an         electrical path, and/or selects paths and/or circuits; (v.) to:         form, open, and/or close one or more circuits; form, complete,         and/or break an electrical and/or informational path; alternate         between electrically energizing and de-energizing; select a path         and/or circuit from a plurality of available paths and/or         circuits; and/or establish a connection between disparate         transmission path segments in a network (or between         networks); (n) a physical device, such as a mechanical,         electrical, and/or electronic device, that is adapted to switch.     -   switch—(v) to: form, open, and/or close one or more circuits;         form, complete, and/or break an electrical and/or informational         path; select a path and/or circuit from a plurality of available         paths and/or circuits; and/or establish a connection between         disparate transmission path segments in a network (or between         networks); (n) a physical device, such as a mechanical,         electrical, and/or electronic device, that is adapted to switch.     -   switching speed—the time required to change from one CTO         distance to another.     -   system—a collection of mechanisms, devices, machines, articles         of manufacture, processes, data, and/or instructions, the         collection designed to perform one or more specific functions.     -   transfer—(n) a transmission from one device, place, and/or state         to another. (v) to convey from one device, place, and/or state         to another.     -   transform—to change in measurable: form, appearance, nature,         and/or character.     -   transmit—to send as a signal, provide, furnish, and/or supply.     -   transmitter—a device that generates and/or transmits a         meaningful signal, often optically, chemically, acoustically,         hydraulically, pneumatically, electrically, electronically,         and/or via electromagnetic waves.     -   transparent—clear; characterized by conveying incident light         without reflecting or absorbing a substantial portion of that         light; and/or having the property of transmitting rays of light         through its substance so that bodies situated beyond or behind         can be distinctly seen.     -   unique—separate and distinct.     -   user—a person, organization, process, device, program, protocol,         and/or system, such as a wearer, subscriber, customer, provider,         server administrator, etc., that uses at least a portion of a         device, system, process, method, and/or service described         herein.     -   user interface—any device for rendering information to a user         and/or requesting information from the user. A user interface         includes at least one of textual, graphical, audio, video,         animation, and/or haptic elements. A textual element can be         provided, for example, by a printer, monitor, display,         projector, etc. A graphical element can be provided, for         example, via a monitor, display, projector, and/or visual         indication device, such as a light, flag, beacon, etc. An audio         element can be provided, for example, via a speaker, microphone,         and/or other sound generating and/or receiving device. A video         element or animation element can be provided, for example, via a         monitor, display, projector, and/or other visual device. A         haptic element can be provided, for example, via a very low         frequency speaker, vibrator, tactile stimulator, tactile pad,         simulator, keyboard, keypad, mouse, trackball, joystick,         gamepad, wheel, touchpad, touch panel, pointing device, and/or         other haptic device, etc. A user interface can include one or         more textual elements such as, for example, one or more letters,         number, symbols, etc. A user interface can include one or more         graphical elements such as, for example, an image, photograph,         drawing, icon, window, title bar, panel, sheet, tab, drawer,         matrix, table, form, calendar, outline view, frame, dialog box,         static text, text box, list, pick list, pop-up list, pull-down         list, menu, tool bar, dock, check box, radio button, hyperlink,         browser, button, control, palette, preview panel, color wheel,         dial, slider, scroll bar, cursor, status bar, stepper, and/or         progress indicator, etc. A textual and/or graphical element can         be used for selecting, programming, adjusting, changing,         specifying, etc. an appearance, background color, background         style, border style, border thickness, foreground color, font,         font style, font size, alignment, line spacing, indent, maximum         data length, validation, query, cursor type, pointer type,         autosizing, position, and/or dimension, etc. A user interface         can include one or more audio elements such as, for example, a         volume control, pitch control, speed control, voice selector,         and/or one or more elements for controlling audio play, speed,         pause, fast forward, reverse, etc. A user interface can include         one or more video elements such as, for example, elements         controlling video play, speed, pause, fast forward, reverse,         zoom-in, zoom-out, rotate, and/or tilt, etc. A user interface         can include one or more animation elements such as, for example,         elements controlling animation play, pause, fast forward,         reverse, zoom-in, zoom-out, rotate, tilt, color, intensity,         speed, frequency, appearance, etc. A user interface can include         one or more haptic elements such as, for example, elements         utilizing tactile stimulus, force, pressure, vibration, motion,         displacement, temperature, etc.     -   valve—a device that regulates flow through a pipe and/or through         an aperture by opening, closing, and/or obstructing a port         and/or passageway.     -   variable—(n) a property, parameter, and/or characteristic         capable of assuming any of an associated set of values. (adj)         likely to change and/or vary; subject to variation; and/or         changeable.     -   variable-focus—having the quality of adjustable focus in a         single specified optic.     -   vary—to change, alter, and/or modify one or more characteristics         and/or attributes of     -   via—by way of and/or utilizing.     -   visual—able to be seen by the eye; visible.     -   voltage—(a.k.a., “potential difference” and “electro-motive         force” (EMF)) a difference in electrical potential between any         two conductors of an electrical circuit and/or a quantity,         expressed as a signed number of Volts (V), and measured as a         signed difference between two points in an electrical circuit         which, when divided by the resistance in Ohms between those         points, gives the current flowing between those points in         Amperes, according to Ohm's Law.     -   wavefront—a surface containing points affected in substantially         the same way by a wave at a substantially predetermined time.     -   weight—a value indicative of importance.     -   when—at a time and/or during the time at which.     -   wherein—in regard to which; and; and/or in addition to.     -   wireless—any communication technique that transmits a signal         that does not require the use of a wire and/or guide connecting         a transmitter and a receiver and/or utilizes electromagnetic         waves emitted by an antenna (i.e., via an unguided medium),         including such communication techniques as sonar, radio,         cellular, cellular radio, digital cellular radio, ELF, LF, MF,         HF, VHF, UHF, SHF, EHF, radar, microwave, satellite microwave,         laser, infrared, etc., but excluding purely visual signaling,         such as semaphore, smoke signals, sign language, etc., the         communication technique having a baseband and/or carrier         frequency ranging from about 1 Hz to about 2×1014 Hz (about 200         teraHertz), including all values therebetween, such as for         example, about 40 Hz, 6.010 kHz, 8.7 MHz, 4.518 GHz, 30 GHz,         etc. and including all subranges therebetween, such as for         example, from about 100 kHz to about 100 MHz, about 30 MHz to         about 1 GHz, about 3 kHz to about 300 GHz, etc. Wireless         communications can include analog and/or digital data, signals,         and/or transmissions. Wireless communication can be via any of a         plurality of protocols such as, for example, cellular CDMA,         TDMA, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, W-CDMA, CDMA2000, TD-CDMA, 802.11a,         802.11b, 802.11g, 802.15.1, 802.15.4, 802.16, and/or Bluetooth,         etc.     -   with—accompanied by.     -   within—inside the limits of.     -   worn—donned by a wearer.     -   zonule—a ring of fibrous strands connecting the ciliary body         with the crystalline lens of the eye.

Note

Various substantially and specifically practical and useful exemplary embodiments are described herein, textually and/or graphically, including the best mode, if any, known to the inventor(s), for implementing the described subject matter by persons having ordinary skill in the art. Any of numerous possible variations (e.g., modifications, augmentations, embellishments, refinements, and/or enhancements, etc.), details (e.g., species, aspects, nuances, and/or elaborations, etc.), and/or equivalents (e.g., substitutions, replacements, combinations, and/or alternatives, etc.) of one or more embodiments described herein might become apparent upon reading this document to a person having ordinary skill in the art, relying upon his/her expertise and/or knowledge of the entirety of the art and without exercising undue experimentation. The inventor(s) expects skilled artisans to implement such variations, details, and/or equivalents as appropriate, and the inventor(s) therefore intends for the described subject matter to be practiced other than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, as permitted by law, the described subject matter includes and covers all variations, details, and equivalents of that described subject matter. Moreover, as permitted by law, every combination of the herein described characteristics, functions, activities, substances, and/or structural elements, and all possible variations, details, and equivalents thereof, is encompassed by the described subject matter unless otherwise clearly indicated herein, clearly and specifically disclaimed, or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate one or more embodiments and does not pose a limitation on the scope of any described subject matter unless otherwise stated. No language herein should be construed as indicating any described subject matter as essential to the practice of the described subject matter.

Thus, regardless of the content of any portion (e.g., title, field, background, summary, description, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) of this document, unless clearly specified to the contrary, such as via explicit definition, assertion, or argument, or clearly contradicted by context, with respect to any claim, whether of this document and/or any claim of any document claiming priority hereto, and whether originally presented or otherwise:

-   -   there is no requirement for the inclusion of any particular         described characteristic, function, activity, substance, or         structural element, for any particular sequence of activities,         for any particular combination of substances, or for any         particular interrelationship of elements;     -   no described characteristic, function, activity, substance, or         structural element is “essential”;     -   any two or more described substances can be mixed, combined,         reacted, separated, and/or segregated;     -   any described characteristics, functions, activities,         substances, and/or structural elements can be integrated,         segregated, and/or duplicated;     -   any described activity can be performed manually,         semi-automatically, and/or automatically;     -   any described activity can be repeated, any activity can be         performed by multiple entities, and/or any activity can be         performed in multiple jurisdictions; and     -   any described characteristic, function, activity, substance,         and/or structural element can be specifically excluded, the         sequence of activities can vary, and/or the interrelationship of         structural elements can vary.

The use of the terms “a”, “an”, “said”, “the”, and/or similar referents in the context of describing various embodiments (especially in the context of any claims presented herein or in any document claiming priority hereto) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.

The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted.

When any number or range is described herein, unless clearly stated otherwise, that number or range is approximate. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value and each separate subrange defined by such separate values is incorporated into and clearly implied as being presented within the specification as if it were individually recited herein. For example, if a range of 1 to 10 is described, even implicitly, unless otherwise stated, that range necessarily includes all values therebetween, such as for example, 1.1, 2.5, 3.335, 5, 6.179, 8.9999, etc., and includes all subranges therebetween, such as for example, 1 to 3.65, 2.8 to 8.14, 1.93 to 9, etc.

When any phrase (i.e., one or more words) described herein or appearing in a claim is followed by a drawing element number, that drawing element number is exemplary and non-limiting on the description and claim scope.

No claim of this document or any document claiming priority hereto is intended to invoke paragraph six of 35 USC 112 unless the precise phrase “means for” is followed by a gerund.

Any information in any material (e.g., a United States patent, United States patent application, book, article, etc.) that has been incorporated by reference herein, is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety to its fullest enabling extent permitted by law yet only to the extent that no conflict exists between such information and the other statements and drawings set forth herein. In the event of such conflict, including a conflict that would render invalid any claim herein or seeking priority hereto, then any such conflicting information in such material is specifically not incorporated by reference herein.

Within this document, and during prosecution of any patent application related hereto (including any patent application claiming priority hereto) any reference to any claimed subject matter is intended to reference the precise language of the then-pending claimed subject matter at that particular point in time only.

Accordingly, every portion (e.g., title, field, background, summary, description, abstract, drawing figure, etc.) of this document, and any provided definitions of the phrases used herein, is to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. The scope of subject matter protected by any claim of any patent that issues based on this document is defined and limited only by the precise language of that claim (and all legal equivalents thereof) and any provided definition of any phrase used in that claim, as informed by the context of this document. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A device comprising: an implantable ciliary muscle power converter configured to connect to an eye structure and to convert mechanical forces generated by the ciliary muscle into power.
 2. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a magnet.
 3. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a coil.
 4. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a spring.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a hydraulic piston.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a hydraulic valve.
 7. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a plurality of nanowires.
 8. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter comprises a piezoelectric strip.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is configured to attach to the ciliary muscle.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is attached to the capsular equator.
 11. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is configured to attach to one or more zonules.
 12. The device of claim 1, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle power converter is configured to be placed inside a capsule of the eye.
 13. The device of claim 1, further comprising: a variable resistor configured to sense movement of the ciliary muscle.
 14. A device comprising: an implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor.
 15. The device of claim 14, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is configured to attach to the ciliary muscle.
 16. The device of claim 14, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is configured to attach to one or more zonules.
 17. The device of claim 14, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is configured to be placed inside a capsule of the eye.
 18. The device of claim 14, wherein: the implantable ciliary muscle movement sensor is configured to attach to a ciliary muscle power converter.
 19. A method comprising a plurality of activities, comprising: via a device implanted in a mammal, converting a ciliary muscle force to predetermined form of power.
 20. A method comprising a plurality of activities, comprising: via a device implanted in a mammal, sensing a ciliary muscle movement.
 21. A method comprising a plurality of activities, comprising: via a device implanted in a mammal, sensing a ciliary muscle force.
 22. A circuit configured to convert ciliary muscle force to electrical power.
 23. A circuit configured to sense ciliary muscle movement.
 24. A system comprising: an electro-active lens implanted into a user's eye; a control circuit configured to control an optical power of the electro-active lens; a receiver configured to receive signals from a radio transmitter that is configured to send a predetermined radio signal to the receiver; the predetermined radio signal configured to cause the receiver to adjust an optical power of the electro-active lens. 